Surgical Treatments in the Fight Against Breast Cancer: Mastectomy and Axillary Lymph Node Dissection

Breast cancer is a complex disease, whose treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach. In the surgical realm of treating this type of cancer, fundamental procedures such as mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection exist. Let's better understand each of these treatments and their relevance.

Mastectomy: This is a surgery that involves the total removal of the breast. It may be indicated in cases where the tumor is very extensive or located in more than one area of the breast. In certain situations, prophylactic mastectomy may be chosen, which is the preventive removal of the breast, especially in patients with a high genetic risk of developing cancer.

Breast-Conserving Surgery: Also known as quadrantectomy or lumpectomy, this is the partial removal of the breast, meaning only the area affected by the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue around it are removed. The goal is to preserve as much of the breast structure as possible without compromising the effectiveness of the treatment.

Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: In addition to procedures directly on the breast, in certain circumstances, the disease can affect the lymph nodes in the axilla. Lymph nodes are small structures that are part of the lymphatic system, a body defense system against infections and diseases. When breast cancer progresses, there is a possibility that cancer cells spread to these lymph nodes, thus requiring their removal. This process is known as axillary dissection.

By undergoing this procedure, the patient may face certain limitations, as the lymphatic system in the operated area no longer functions with the same efficiency. It is recommended to avoid procedures such as injections, blood draws, or blood pressure measurements on the operated arm.